**Background:** The feline liver is commonly affected by diseases such as lipidosis, cholangiohepatitis complex, toxic hepatopathy, and hepatic neoplasia. Despite increasing numbers of feline patients in veterinary clinics, most diagnostic imaging studies of the liver have been performed in dogs, with relatively few focused on cats. Detailed knowledge of normal feline hepatic vascular and biliary anatomy is essential for interpreting advanced imaging and planning surgical interventions. This study aimed to develop accurate three-dimensional anatomical models of the feline liver parenchyma using a combination of computed tomographic angiography (CTA), volume rendering, corrosion casting, and 3D printing.
**Methods:** Six adult crossbreed cat cadavers (2 males, 4 females; 2–3 years old; ~3–3.5 kg) were used. Three cadavers were injected via the aorta, gallbladder, and portal vein with a 50% mixture of colored vulcanized latex and hydrated barium sulfate as contrast medium, then scanned with a General Electric HiSpeed dual 2-detector CT scanner. DICOM images were processed using AMIRA 5.6 and OsiriX MD 13.0.2 to generate maximum intensity projection (MIP), surface, and volumetric reconstructions (volume rendering). 3D prints were produced using a Stratasys F170-FDM printer with ABS plastic. The other three cadavers were injected with colored epoxy resin (blue for venous system via caudal vena cava, red for arterial system via descending aorta, green for biliary system via gallbladder). After corrosion with sodium hydroxide, hepatic vascular and biliary casts were obtained and photographed for comparison with CT images and 3D prints.
**Key Results:** The hepatic artery arose from the celiac artery alongside the left gastric and splenic arteries, dividing at the liver porta into right and left branches. The right branch supplied the right hepatic lobe and divided into four dorsocaudal sub-branches, then three branches to the right medial lobe and gallbladder. The left branch sent a dorsal branch to the papillary process of the caudate lobe, two left medial branches, ventral branches to the left medial and quadrate lobes, and four terminal branches to the left lateral lobe. The portal vein formed from gastroduodenal, cranial mesenteric, and splenic veins, then split into left and right branches. The left branch supplied the quadrate lobe, caudate lobe (papillary process), right medial lobe, and left medial lobe; the right branch supplied the right lateral lobe and caudate lobe (caudate process). Hepatic veins included the left hepatic vein (draining left lateral lobe), middle hepatic vein (left medial, quadrate, and caudate papillary process), right medial hepatic vein (right medial lobe), and right lateral hepatic vein plus accessory hepatic veins (right lateral lobe and caudate process), all emptying into the caudal vena cava. The biliary system showed that the right hepatic duct (draining right lateral, right medial, and caudate lobes) emptied into the cystic duct, while the left hepatic duct (draining left lateral, left medial, and quadrate lobes) joined the cystic duct to form the common bile duct, which entered the descending duodenum at the major duodenal papilla. The corrosion cast of the portal vein could not be performed successfully due to high epoxy density and difficulty clearing the portal vein during the precast procedure.
**Clinical Implications:** This study provides the first detailed three-dimensional anatomical reference for the feline hepatic arterial, portal venous, hepatic venous, and biliary systems using combined CTA, volume rendering, corrosion casting, and 3D printing. The findings confirm that the feline intrahepatic vascular and biliary distribution differs from the canine pattern, particularly in the branching of the hepatic artery (the cystic artery origin was not identified in cats), the portal vein (absence of a distinct transverse or umbilical portion), and the hepatic veins (accessory hepatic veins were observed in cats). The 3D-printed prototypes of normal feline hepatic parenchyma can serve as a baseline for detecting pathological changes and for preoperative planning of surgeries such as portosystemic shunt correction and liver mass resection. The authors note that 17 variations of the extrahepatic biliary system were described in 30 cats in a prior study, highlighting the need for further research to establish a definitive pattern in cats.