**Background:** Cell senescence (CS) is an irreversible state of permanent proliferation cessation, distinct from quiescence or terminal differentiation. It can be replicative (telomere-dependent) or stress-induced (SIPS), and involves altered metabolism, gene expression, and a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). While CS serves as an anti-tumorigenic mechanism by limiting damaged cell proliferation, SASP can promote chronic inflammation and cancer. Senescent cells (SCs) also interact with immune cells (NK, CD4+ T cells, macrophages) for clearance. The evolutionary origin of aging is often attributed to antagonistic pleiotropy, where genes favoring fertility have long-term costs. This editorial introduces a special section on CS in the Biomedical Journal, covering immune surveillance, metabolic interventions, and species comparisons.
**Methods:** This is a narrative review/editorial summarizing multiple studies. It references Giannoula et al. (overview of immune-SC crosstalk), Nehme et al. (metabolic interventions delaying aging), Perillo et al. (in vitro immortalization across 17 mammalian species), Farhadi-Azar et al. (Rosa damascena in PCOS rats), Rocha et al. (glucose flux in female diabetic rats), Ko et al. (dapagliflozin+entresto in cardiac IR injury), Tsai et al. (diffusion tensor imaging for Parkinsonian disorders), Li et al. (palatal hybrid surgery for OSA), Wei et al. (PMMA-TCS bone cement), Su et al. (nocturnal hematocrit/hemoglobin in OSA), Chen et al. (modified Quickert for entropion), and Idris/Adesola and MohanaSundaram et al. (mpox). No original data are presented; the paper synthesizes findings from these cited works.
**Key Results:** Key findings from cited studies include: (1) Perillo et al. found a negative link between immortalization probability and species body mass across 17 mammals, suggesting stringent genetic stability control in large-bodied species. (2) Farhadi-Azar et al. showed Rosa damascena extract has potential therapeutic application for alleviating PCOS complications in rats. (3) Rocha et al. concluded female Wistar rats were less responsive to classic diabetes protocols, urging caution in extrapolating DM1 studies to women. (4) Ko et al. demonstrated combined dapagliflozin and entresto is superior in protecting rat hearts against ischemia-reperfusion injury. (5) Tsai et al. found diffusion tensor imaging features provided fair to very good diagnostic performance for Parkinson's disease and Parkinson-plus syndromes. (6) Li et al. showed palatal hybrid surgery is mini-invasive with low morbidity and effectively improves objective sleep parameters in OSA. (7) Wei et al. developed a PMMA-TCS composite with improved exothermic temperature and pH variation, superior in vivo and in vitro. (8) Su et al. reported increased hematocrit/hemoglobin after sleep in OSA patients, linked to more water loss and mouth-open sleep time. (9) Chen et al. validated a modified Quickert procedure for involutional lower eyelid entropion as safe and effective with low recurrence. (10) Idris/Adesola and MohanaSundaram et al. highlighted mpox resurgence due to waning smallpox immunity, need for healthcare preparedness, and risks to pregnant/immunocompromised individuals.
**Clinical Implications:** Understanding CS as a double-edged sword is crucial for developing anti-aging and anti-cancer therapies. Senolytics (e.g., quercetin) and senomorphics offer potential to selectively eliminate or modulate SCs, but must balance pathogenic vs. homeostatic senescence. Metabolic interventions (low glycemic index diet, protein source, fat quality) may delay aging but require individual fine-tuning. The studies summarized have direct clinical relevance: PCOS treatment with Rosa damascena, cardiac protection post-IR with combined drugs, improved diagnostic imaging for Parkinsonian disorders, minimally invasive OSA surgery, better bone cement for orthopedics, and effective eyelid surgery for entropion. The mpox correspondence underscores the need for surveillance and healthcare system strengthening, especially in developing countries, and awareness of sexual and vertical transmission.