Access to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services and drinking water contamination risk levels in households of Bishoftu Town, Ethiopia: A cross‐sectional study

Health Science Reports · 20 authors, 4 centres

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TL;DR

Results showed that only 4.9% of households had access to safely managed drinking water services, while 10.2% had safely managed sanitation and just 19.4% used basic hygiene services.

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Results showed that only 4.9% of households had access to safely managed drinking water services, while 10.2% had safely managed sanitation and just 19.4% used basic hygiene services. Microbiological testing revealed 12.1% of water samples were positive for E. coli, 26.3% for fecal coliforms, and 42% for total coliforms. Regarding contamination risk, 5.1% and 4.5% of household water samples had very high and high risk levels, respectively. Chemically, 2.5% of household samples and 11.5% of distributor/reservoir samples had unacceptable fluoride concentrations. Limitations include the absence of physical water quality assessments and no testing for E. coli pathogenicity or other pathogens.

STUDY TYPE

cross-sectional

SPECIALTY

public health

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100% · A

ORIGINAL PAPER

PMC10618431

Access to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services and drinking water contamination risk levels in households of Bishoftu Town, Ethiopia: A cross‐sectional study

Health Science Reports

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ABSTRACT

Abstract Background and Aims Access to safe drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene is a fundamental human right and essential to control infectious diseases. However, many countries, including Ethiopia, do not have adequate data to report on basic water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services. Although contaminated drinking water spreads diseases like cholera, diarrhea, typhoid, and dysentery, studies on drinking water contamination risk levels in households are limited in Ethiopia. Therefore, closing this gap needs investigation. Methods A community‐based cross‐sectional study was conducted. A total of 5350 households were included. A systematic, simple random sampling technique was used to select the participants. The information was gathered through in‐person interviews using a standardized questionnaire. Furthermore, 1070 drinking water samples were collected from household water storage. Results This investigation revealed that 9.8%, 83.9%, and 4.9% of households used limited, basic, and safely managed drinking water services, respectively. Besides, 10.2%, 15.7% and 59.3% of households used safely managed, basic and limited sanitation services, respectively. Yet, 10.6% and 4.2% of households used unimproved sanitation facilities and open defecation practices. Also, 40.5% and 19.4% of households used limited and basic hygiene services. On the other hand, 40.1% of households lacked functional handwashing facilities. In this study, 12.1%, 26.3%, and 42% of households’ drinking water samples were positive for Escherichia coli , fecal coliforms, and total coliforms, respectively. Also, 5.1% and 4.5% of households’ drinking water samples had very high and high contamination risk levels for E. coli , respectively. We found that 2.5% and 11.5% of households and water distributors had unacceptable fluoride concentrations, respectively. Conclusion The majority of households in Bishoftu town lack access to safely managed sanitation, drinking water, and basic hygiene services. Many households’ water samples had very high and high health risk levels. Hence, the government and partner organizations should implement water and sanitation safety plans. Keywords: access, contamination risk level, hygiene, sanitation, WASH, water

CITATION EXPORT

Aderajew Mekonnen Girmay, Sisay Derso Mengesha, Daniel A Dinssa et al.. Access to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services and drinking water contamination risk levels in households of Bishoftu Town, Ethiopia: A cross‐sectional study. Health Science Reports. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.1662

AUTHORS

20 · 4 CENTRES

Aderajew Mekonnen Girmay, Sisay Derso Mengesha, Daniel A Dinssa, Zinabu Assefa Alemu, Bedasa Wagari, Mesaye G Weldegebriel, Melaku G Serte, Tsigereda A Alemayehu, Moa Abate Kenea, Abel Weldetinsae, Kirubel T Teklu, Ermias Alemayehu Adugna, Kaleab S Awoke, Tesfaye L Bedada, Waktole Gobena, Getnet Fikreslassie, Wendayehu Wube, Vivian Hoffmann, Masresha Tessema, Getachew Tollera

1 Department of Nutrition and Environmental Health Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
2 Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
3 International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
4 Department of Economics and School of Public Policy and Administration, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada