Activation of immune signals during organ transplantation

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · 2 authors, 2 centres

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TL;DR

This narrative review describes how ischemia/reperfusion injury during organ transplantation releases molecular patterns that activate innate and adaptive immune responses, leading to graft rejection.

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This narrative review examines the immunological mechanisms activated during organ transplantation, focusing on the consequences of ischemia/reperfusion injury. The authors describe how cellular stress and damage release Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs), which are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on host immune cells. This interaction triggers innate inflammatory responses and can initiate adaptive immunity via dendritic cells. The review further details how the host immune system recognizes 'non-self' allogeneic antigens through T and B cell receptors, leading to lymphocyte activation, differentiation, and memory formation, which contribute to acute and chronic rejection.

STUDY TYPE

narrative_review

SPECIALTY

immunology

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100% · A

ORIGINAL PAPER

PMC10008588

Activation of immune signals during organ transplantation

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

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ABSTRACT

Abstract The activation of host’s innate and adaptive immune systems can lead to acute and chronic graft rejection, which seriously impacts graft survival. Thus, it is particularly significant to clarify the immune signals, which are critical to the initiation and maintenance of rejection generated after transplantation. The initiation of response to graft is dependent on sensing of danger and stranger molecules. The ischemia and reperfusion of grafts lead to cell stress or death, followed by releasing a variety of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of host immune cells to activate intracellular immune signals and induce sterile inflammation. In addition to DAMPs, the graft exposed to ‘non-self’ antigens (stranger molecules) are recognized by the host immune system, stimulating a more intense immune response and further aggravating the graft damage. The polymorphism of MHC genes between different individuals is the key for host or donor immune cells to identify heterologous ‘non-self’ components in allogeneic and xenogeneic organ transplantation. The recognition of ‘non-self’ antigen by immune cells mediates the activation of immune signals between donor and host, resulting in adaptive memory immunity and innate trained immunity to the graft, which poses a challenge to the long-term survival of the graft. This review focuses on innate and adaptive immune cells receptor recognition of damage-associated molecular patterns, alloantigens and xenoantigens, which is described as danger model and stranger model. In this review, we also discuss the innate trained immunity in organ transplantation. Subject terms: Transplant immunology, Molecular medicine

CITATION EXPORT

Qingwen Li, Peixiang Lan. Activation of immune signals during organ transplantation. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-023-01377-9

AUTHORS

2 · 2 CENTRES

Qingwen Li, Peixiang Lan

1Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
2Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education; NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China