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other·infectious disease, preclinical research, biomedical research, public health·PMC10647091

Adenosine triphosphate overrides the aversive effect of antifeedants and toxicants: a model alternative phagostimulant for sugar-based vector control tools

Parasites & Vectors · 3 authors, 1 centre

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TL;DR

This laboratory study evaluated adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as an alternative phagostimulant to sugar for mosquito control tools. The central result was that ATP dose-dependently overrides the aversive taste of antifeedants and toxicants, leading to rapid knockdown or death in *Aedes aegypti* mosquitoes.

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The study used laboratory no-choice feeding assays to test if adenosine triphosphate (ATP) could override the aversive effects of antifeedants and toxicants in the yellow fever mosquito, *Aedes aegypti*. Researchers found ATP dose-dependently induced feeding on diets containing these compounds. Feeding induced by ATP directed the toxic meals to the midgut, resulting in rapid knockdown (for nicotine, lobeline, caffeine) or death (for boric acid, propylene glycol), whereas sucrose-induced feeding directed meals to the crop with slower toxicity. Combinations of boric acid and propylene glycol had a synergistic lethal effect at lower concentrations. Limitations include that this is a preclinical laboratory study using a single mosquito species and a ephemeral molecule (ATP), requiring further research on stable analogues and field applicability. The implications are that ATP-based phagostimulants could improve the efficacy and selectivity of attractive toxic bait (ATSB) tools for vector control.

STUDY TYPE

other

SPECIALTY

infectious disease

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ORIGINAL PAPER

PMC10647091

Adenosine triphosphate overrides the aversive effect of antifeedants and toxicants: a model alternative phagostimulant for sugar-based vector control tools

Parasites & Vectors

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ABSTRACT

Background Sugar, when used as the phagostimulant in attractive toxic bait control tools, limits the efficacy and selectivity of this technology. Thus, more potent and selective phagostimulants than sugar are required to improve this technology. The potency of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as an alternative model phagostimulant was assessed to determine its capacity to override the aversive effects of select antifeedants and toxicants. How ATP and sucrose modulate the rate of toxicity in the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti was also examined. Methods A no-choice feeding assay was used to investigate the phagostimulatory ability of ATP to override the aversive effects of structurally divergent antifeedant and toxicant compounds, and to modulate the rate of toxicity over 24 h. Binary combinations of antifeedant and toxicant compounds, at various concentrations, were similarly assessed for enhanced lethal potency. In comparison, no-choice open access and cotton wick feeding assays were used to determine the phagostimulatory role of sucrose in the ingestion of boric acid-laced diets. Dissections of the guts were performed to determine the diet destination as dependant on the phagostimulant. Results ATP is a potent phagostimulant that dose dependently overrides aversion to antifeedant and toxicant tastants. Feeding on antifeedant- or toxicant-laced diets that was induced by ATP selectively resulted in rapid knockdown (nicotine, lobeline and caffeine) or death (boric acid and propylene glycol), with a combination of the two lethal compounds inducing a synergistic effect at lower concentrations. ATP- and sucrose-induced feeding predominantly directed the antifeedant- or toxicant-laced meals to the midgut and the crop, respectively. Conclusions ATP is an efficacious alternative model phagostimulant to sucrose that overrides the aversive effects of antifeedants and toxicants, resulting in rapid toxic effects. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that variation in the rate of toxicity between ATP- and sugar-induced feeding is at least partly regulated by the differential feeding response, volume imbibed and the destination of the meals. Additional research is needed to identify structurally related, stable analogues of ATP due to the ephemeral nature of this molecule. For future applications, the workflow presented in this study may be used to evaluate such analogues for their suitability for use in attractive bait stations designed to target a broad range of haematophagous arthropods and prevent off-target species’ feeding. Graphical Abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-023-06039-x.

CITATION EXPORT

Matthew Lukenge, Rickard Ignell, Sharon Rose Hill. Adenosine triphosphate overrides the aversive effect of antifeedants and toxicants: a model alternative phagostimulant for sugar-based vector control tools. Parasites & Vectors. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-023-06039-x

AUTHORS

3 · 1 CENTRES

Matthew Lukenge, Rickard Ignell, Sharon Rose Hill

https://ror.org/02yy8x990grid.6341.00000 0000 8578 2742Disease Vector Group, Unit of Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden