Nutrients · 5 authors, 4 centres
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This narrative review compiles evidence that dietary-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (DELNs) from plant and animal foods can modulate gut microbiota and exert antibacterial effects. The main finding is that DELNs' effects are not solely due to miRNAs but also involve membrane lipids and other bioactive molecules. A key limitation is the scarcity of literature and the lack of clear molecular mechanisms for many observed effects.
This narrative review examines the role of dietary-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (DELNs) in modulating gut microbiota and exerting antibacterial properties. The background highlights the importance of diet in shaping the gut microbiome and the potential of natural antimicrobial compounds, including DELNs, as alternatives to synthetic preservatives. The methods involve a compilation and analysis of existing scientific literature on DELNs from various food sources, including ginger, lemon, coconut, tartary buckwheat, milk, and honey. Key results indicate that DELNs from these sources can influence bacterial growth and composition. For example, ginger exosome-like nanoparticles (GELNs) increased Lactobacillaceae and inhibited Ruminococcaceae in mice, with phosphatidic acid lipids playing a role in bacterial interaction. Lemon exosome-like nanoparticles (LELNs) enhanced probiotic bile resistance and inhibited Clostridioides difficile. Milk-derived EVs altered gut microbiota composition and metabolites in mice, with some studies showing recovery in ulcerative colitis models. Honey-derived EVs showed bactericidal effects against Staphylococcus aureus. The review emphasizes that while miRNAs are often studied, lipids and other small molecules in DELN cargo are also critical for bacterial modulation. Limitations include the scarcity of literature, the lack of detailed molecular mechanisms for many interactions, and the predominance of preclinical, animal, or in-vitro studies. Implications suggest that DELNs could be promising for microbiota modulation and disease treatment, but further research is needed to understand their mechanisms and potential clinical applications.
