SEARCHCROSS-SECTIONALcardiology, epidemiology

cross-sectional·cardiology, epidemiology, public health, internal medicine·PMC10048049

Does the Disparity Patterning Differ between Diagnosed and Undiagnosed Hypertension among Adults? Evidence from Indonesia

Healthcare · 5 authors, 4 centres

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TL;DR

Using nationally representative Indonesian survey data across 514 districts, this cross-sectional study found that overall hypertension prevalence was 33.3%, with 76.3% of cases undiagnosed, and that geographic and socioeconomic disparity patterns differed between diagnosed and undiagnosed hypertension.

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This cross-sectional study used nationally representative survey data from Indonesia (RISKESDAS) to compare geographic and socioeconomic disparity patterns in the prevalence of diagnosed versus undiagnosed hypertension across 514 districts among adults. The overall hypertension prevalence was 33.3%, of which 76.3% were undiagnosed. Diagnosed hypertension was 1.87 times higher in females (10.3%) than males (5.5%), whereas undiagnosed hypertension was similar between sexes. Urban areas had up to 22.6% higher diagnosed hypertension, while rural areas had 11.4% higher undiagnosed hypertension among females. Districts in more developed regions (Java and Bali) showed up to 76% and 40% higher prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed hypertension, respectively, compared with the least developed regions. Higher education was associated with 25% higher diagnosed hypertension, while lower education was linked to 6% higher undiagnosed prevalence among females. Limitations include the inability to conduct subgroup analysis by ethnicity or trend analysis due to the cross-sectional design.

STUDY TYPE

cross-sectional

SPECIALTY

cardiology

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AI pipeline

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100% · A

ORIGINAL PAPER

PMC10048049

Does the Disparity Patterning Differ between Diagnosed and Undiagnosed Hypertension among Adults? Evidence from Indonesia

Healthcare

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ABSTRACT

Abstract Background: Healthcare systems in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are not yet designed to tackle the high and increasing burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including hypertension. As a result, a large proportion of people with disease or risk factors are undiagnosed. Policymakers need to understand the disparity better to act. However, previous analyses on the disparity in undiagnosed hypertension, especially from LMICs, are lacking. Our study assessed the geographic and socioeconomic disparity in undiagnosed hypertension and compared it with diagnosed hypertension. Methods: We used the Basic Health Survey (Riskesdas) 2018 and performed geospatial and quantitative analyses across 514 districts in Indonesia. Dependent variables included diagnosed and undiagnosed hypertension among adults (18+ years) and by gender. Results: A high prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension at 76.3% was found, with different patterns of disparity observed between diagnosed and undiagnosed hypertension. Diagnosed hypertension was 1.87 times higher in females compared with males, while undiagnosed hypertension rates were similar between genders. Urban areas had up to 22.6% higher rates of diagnosed hypertension, while undiagnosed hypertension was 11.4% more prevalent among females in rural areas. Districts with higher education rates had up to 25% higher diagnosed hypertension rates, while districts with lower education rates had 6% higher rates of undiagnosed hypertension among females. The most developed regions had up to 76% and 40% higher prevalence of both diagnosed and undiagnosed hypertension compared with the least developed regions. Conclusion: The disparity patterning differs between diagnosed and undiagnosed hypertension among adults in Indonesia. This highlights the need for effective measures, including healthcare system reforms to tackle NCDs in LMICs. Keywords: diagnosed, undiagnosed, high blood pressure, inequality, geographic, socioeconomic

CITATION EXPORT

Puput Oktamianti, Dian Kusuma, Vilda Amir et al.. Does the Disparity Patterning Differ between Diagnosed and Undiagnosed Hypertension among Adults? Evidence from Indonesia. Healthcare. (2023). https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11060816

AUTHORS

5 · 4 CENTRES

Puput Oktamianti, Dian Kusuma, Vilda Amir, Dwi Hapsari Tjandrarini, Astridya Paramita

1Health Administration and Policy Department, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
2Department of Health Services Research and Management, School of Health & Psychological Sciences, City University of London, London EC1V 0HB, UK
3Center for Health Administration and Policy Studies, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
4Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor 16915, Indonesia