Microorganisms · 5 authors, 4 centres
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This narrative review summarizes emerging and re-emerging viral outbreaks, including SARS-CoV-2, H1N1, and mpox, along with available detection methods, treatments, vaccines, and surveillance strategies. The central conclusion is that while scientific and medical advancements have improved preparedness, challenges remain in public vaccination uptake, viral mutation undermining vaccine efficacy, and early-warning surveillance systems.
This narrative review examines emerging and re-emerging viral infectious diseases, including SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, H1N1, mpox, and avian influenza. The authors summarize viral detection methods such as PCR, LAMP, ELISA, IFA, and next-generation sequencing, noting that PCR requires prior knowledge of target sequences and cannot detect unknown viruses. They discuss non-invasive environmental surveillance tools including wastewater monitoring and vector sampling, with evidence that airborne and vector-borne viruses can be detected via wastewater-based epidemiological studies. The review highlights that vaccine development during the COVID-19 pandemic represented a success, yet public receptivity toward mass vaccination and constantly emerging variants remain significant challenges. A major limitation acknowledged by the authors is the lack of in-depth discussion of each virus and topic due to the broad scope. The review concludes that proactive surveillance, rapid diagnostics, effective communication, and international collaboration are pivotal for future pandemic preparedness.
