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TL;DR
This narrative review examines wearable electrochemical biosensors designed to noninvasively monitor biochemical indicators in four body fluids: saliva, sweat, tears, and skin interstitial fluid.
Turkish Journal of Chemistry · 6 authors, 3 centres
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This narrative review examines wearable electrochemical biosensors designed to noninvasively monitor biochemical indicators in four body fluids: saliva, sweat, tears, and skin interstitial fluid.
This narrative review examines wearable electrochemical biosensors designed to noninvasively monitor biochemical indicators in four body fluids: saliva, sweat, tears, and skin interstitial fluid. The authors trace the evolution from large benchtop instruments to miniaturized, flexible devices incorporating nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes and graphene. Reported sensor technologies span colorimetry, voltammetry, amperometry, and potentiometry, with platforms ranging from contact lens-based tear sensors to sweat-absorbing bands and microneedle ISF patches. The review highlights that sweat-based sensors face challenges related to variable sweat composition across individuals and environments, while tear-based sensors must overcome biocompatibility concerns.