SEARCHNARRATIVE_REVIEWinfectious disease, public health

narrative_review·infectious disease, public health, epidemiology, dermatology, internal medicine·PMC10303031

Monkeypox: A New Challenge for Global Health System?

Life · 4 authors, 3 centres

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TL;DR

This narrative review summarizes the epidemiology, clinical presentation, and prevention strategies for the 2022 global monkeypox outbreak.

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This narrative review synthesizes literature on the monkeypox virus, focusing on the global outbreak beginning in 2022. It describes the virus's characteristics, typical clinical course including prodromal symptoms and a self-limiting rash, and potential complications like pneumonia and encephalitis, especially in vulnerable groups. The review highlights epidemiological data, stating that since 2022, there have been 86,930 laboratory-confirmed cases and 1051 probable cases globally, with 116 fatalities, marking a spread in non-endemic countries. It discusses risk factors such as being a young male, having sex with other men, and being HIV positive. Prevention strategies emphasized include avoiding contact with infected animals or people, proper food preparation, and using personal protective equipment for healthcare workers.

STUDY TYPE

narrative_review

SPECIALTY

infectious disease

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AI pipeline

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100% · A

ORIGINAL PAPER

PMC10303031

Monkeypox: A New Challenge for Global Health System?

Life

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ABSTRACT

The COVID-19 pandemic, starting in 2020, has presented a major challenge in terms of early diagnosis and the subsequent containment and management of severe cases. The spread of viruses such as monkeypox in non-endemic countries is now creating new difficulties for healthcare professionals. Proper case definition and clinical examination are crucial for the early identification of suspected cases. For this reason, we performed a review of the literature in order to report the first signs, which are useful for healthcare providers for early case identification. Since 2022 to date, 86,930 laboratory-confirmed cases and 1051 probable cases have been reported worldwide, and of these, 116 were fatal cases and, for the first time, most of the cases were registered in countries that have not historically reported monkeypox and that lack direct or immediate epidemiological links to areas of West or Central Africa where the disease is endemic. Patients with Monkeypox experience prodromal symptoms, such as fever, fatigue, headache, muscle aches, and a rash after an incubation period of 5–21 days. The disease is usually self-limiting within 2–4 weeks but can lead to complications, such as pneumonia, encephalitis, kidney injury, and myocarditis in children, pregnant individuals, and those with weakened immune systems. The case–fatality ratio is between 1 and 10%. Today, prevention campaigns and the control of human monkeypox are the best weapons to prevent infection and stop transmission. Prevention strategies, such as avoiding contact with sick or dead animals, and the proper preparation of all foods containing animal meat or parts, should be adopted. Furthermore, close contact with infected people or contaminated materials should be avoided to prevent human-to-human transmission.

CITATION EXPORT

Francesca Spirito, Agostino Guida, Vito Carlo Alberto Caponio et al.. Monkeypox: A New Challenge for Global Health System?. Life. (2023). https://doi.org/10.3390/life13061250

AUTHORS

4 · 3 CENTRES

Francesca Spirito, Agostino Guida, Vito Carlo Alberto Caponio, Lorenzo Lo Muzio

1Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli, 71122 Foggia, Italy; [email protected] (V.C.A.C.); [email protected] (L.L.M.)
2U.O.C. Odontostomatologia, A.O.R.N. “A. Cardarelli”, 80131 Naples, Italy; [email protected]
3Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Bio-Oncologia, 66100 Chieti, Italy

EDITOR / REVIEWER

Luis Prieto