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other·nutrition, public health, cardiology, food science, epidemiology·PMC10492816

Nutrient footprint versus EPA + DHA security in land-locked regions—more of local pond farmed, imported marine fish or fish oil capsules?

NPJ Science of Food · 4 authors, 1 centre

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TL;DR

This comparative environmental footprint and nutritional modeling study found that pond-farmed carp has substantially lower EPA+DHA content than farmed salmon, doubling-to-quadrupling nitrogen, phosphorus, and climate footprints per mg EPA+DHA delivered.

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This study modeled EPA+DHA security strategies for land-locked Central European regions using pond-farmed carp and intensively farmed salmon as production models. Environmental footprints—nitrogen, phosphorus, and climate change—were assessed per mg EPA+DHA delivered. A high omega-output-to-omega-input ratio in ponds (1–200 vs. 0.75 for RAS salmon) supports ecosystem service arguments for pond systems.

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other

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nutrition

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ORIGINAL PAPER

PMC10492816

Nutrient footprint versus EPA + DHA security in land-locked regions—more of local pond farmed, imported marine fish or fish oil capsules?

NPJ Science of Food

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ABSTRACT

EPA + DHA intake in land-locked central Europe (CE) is barely fulfilled. Imported marine fish/farmed salmonids are likely the backbone of an ailing EPA + DHA security. Supplementing with captured marine fish oil capsules (~0.5 g up to 1.6 g CO 2 -eq. mg EPA + DHA −1 ) could be comparable in GHG emissions with fish consumption itself (~1 g to as low as 0.6 g CO 2 -eq. mg EPA + DHA −1 ). But synergistic benefits of EPA + DHA intake by consuming fish protein need consideration too. Taking semi-intensive pond carp and intensively farmed salmon as models, we analyzed footprint, eco-services, and resource use efficiency perspectives of achieving EPA + DHA security in a CE region. Despite a lower production footprint, pond-farmed fish greatly lag in EPA + DHA supply (carp 101–181 mg 100 g −1 < salmon 750–1300 mg 100 g −1 ). It doubles-to-quadruples footprint ‘per mg’ of EPA + DHA: nitrogen (carp 18.3 > salmon 8.7 mg N), phosphorus (carp 6.8 > salmon 1.6 mg P), and climate change (carp 1.84 > salmon 0.8 g CO 2 -eq.). With enhancements in pond carp (>300 mg EPA + DHA 100 g −1 ), these differences may cease to exist. Harnessing EPA + DHA bioaccumulation pathways active in ponds, finishing feeding strategies, and polyculture, the EPA + DHA content in pond fish may be increased. Ecosystem services with EPA + DHA mining from pond food web or high EPA + DHA output-to-input ratio (pond carp 1–200 > RAS salmon 0.75) make ponds an eco-efficient system. As fish consumption in CE must improve, pond-farmed fish would be needed to complement (but not substitute) salmonid/marine fish/oil capsules consumption. Achieving EPA + DHA security with minimum pressure on the environment or global resources.

CITATION EXPORT

Koushik Roy, Petr Dvorak, Zdenka Machova et al.. Nutrient footprint versus EPA + DHA security in land-locked regions—more of local pond farmed, imported marine fish or fish oil capsules?. NPJ Science of Food. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41538-023-00224-z

AUTHORS

4 · 1 CENTRES

Koushik Roy, Petr Dvorak, Zdenka Machova, Jan Mraz

grid.14509.390000 0001 2166 4904Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Na Sádkách 1780, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic