Journal of renal nutrition : the official journal of the Council on Renal Nutrition of the National Kidney Foundation · 7 authors, 3 centres
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After adjustment for demographics and health conditions, participants with CKD were more likely to be classified as Overall Low Intake in earlier cohorts (not significant in 2011–2018), but the cross-sectional design precludes determining whether low intake is a risk factor for or consequence of CKD.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects approximately 13% of the US population, and dietary guidance for CKD patients has focused predominantly on individual nutrients (sodium, potassium, phosphorus) rather than whole foods. The authors categorized F&Vs by food processing level and phytochemical content and applied latent class analysis (LCA). Four patterns emerged consistently across survey cycles: Overall Low Intake, High Unprocessed, High Ultra-Processed, and Moderate Processed. The Overall Low Intake pattern was most prevalent in all cohorts and CKD groups. Pattern validation using objective biomarkers (serum carotenoids) and nutrient intake data supported the biological plausibility of the classified patterns. The authors conclude that low F&V consumption was more common among individuals with CKD, but longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether low intake is a risk factor for or a response to CKD.
