Respiratory muscle training induces additional stress and training load in well-trained triathletes—randomized controlled trial

Frontiers in Physiology · 6 authors, 4 centres

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TL;DR

The study concludes that both RMT methods induce additional load and should be applied with consideration in high-performance settings.

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The study concludes that both RMT methods induce additional load and should be applied with consideration in high-performance settings. Limitations include a small sample size, lack of a sham-control group, and the exclusion of spirometry measurements.

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RCT

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internal medicine

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ORIGINAL PAPER

PMC10576561

Respiratory muscle training induces additional stress and training load in well-trained triathletes—randomized controlled trial

Frontiers in Physiology

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ABSTRACT

Background: Respiratory muscle training (RMT) has been investigated in the context of improved athletic performance and pulmonary function. However, psychophysiological costs of RMT remain understudied. Voluntary isocapnic hyperpnoea (VIH) and inspiratory pressure threshold loading (IPTL) are widely applied RMT methods. The main purposes of this study were to assess whether RMT induces additional load on well-trained triathletes and determine differences in RMT-induced load between sexes and applied methods. Materials and Methods: 16 well-trained triathletes ( n = 16, 56% males) underwent 6 weeks of VIH or IPTL program with progressive overload. Blood markers, subjective measures, cardiac indices, near-infrared spectroscopy indices, inspiratory muscle fatigue, and RMT-induced training load were monitored pre-, in and post-sessions. We used multiple ANOVA to investigate effects of sex, training method, and time on measured parameters. Results: There were significant interactions for acid-base balance ( p = 0.04 for sex, p < 0.001 for method), partial carbon dioxide pressure ( p = 0.03 for sex, p < 0.001 for method), bicarbonate ( p = 0.01 for method), lactate ( p < 0.001 for method), RMT-induced training load ( p = 0.001 for method for single session, p = 0.03 for method per week), average heart rate ( p = 0.03 for sex), maximum heart rate ( p = 0.02 for sex), intercostales muscle oxygenation ( p = 0.007 for testing week), and intercostales muscle oxygenation recovery ( p = 0.003 for testing week and p = 0.007 for method). Conclusion: We found that RMT induced additional load in well-trained triathletes. Elicited changes in monitored variables depend on sex and training method. VIH significantly increased subjective training load measures. IPTL was associated with disbalance in blood gasometry, increase in lactate, and reports of headaches and dizziness. Both methods should be applied with consideration in high-performance settings.

CITATION EXPORT

Tomasz Kowalski, Przemysław Seweryn Kasiak, Kinga Rebis et al.. Respiratory muscle training induces additional stress and training load in well-trained triathletes—randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Physiology. (2023). https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2023.1264265

AUTHORS

6 · 4 CENTRES

Tomasz Kowalski, Przemysław Seweryn Kasiak, Kinga Rebis, Andrzej Klusiewicz, Dominika Granda, Szczepan Wiecha

1 Department of Physiology, Institute of Sport—National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
2 3rd Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
3 Department of Physical Education and Health in Biala Podlaska, Faculty in Biala Podlaska, Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Biala Podlaska, Poland
4 Department of Nutrition Physiology and Dietetics, Institute of Sport—National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland