SEARCHNARRATIVE_REVIEWpediatrics, nutrition

narrative_review·pediatrics, nutrition, preclinical research, animal science, biomedical research·PMC10621894

Review: Nutritional regulation of muscle growth in neonatal swine

Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience · 2 authors, 1 centre

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TL;DR

This narrative review synthesizes preclinical research on how neonatal piglets regulate muscle protein synthesis in response to feeding, with a focus on the mTORC1 signaling pathway.

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This is a narrative review of published preclinical studies using neonatal piglets as a translational model for human infant metabolism. The review summarizes mechanisms regulating skeletal muscle protein synthesis after a meal, specifically the activation of the mTORC1 pathway by insulin and amino acids like leucine. Key findings indicate that the anabolic response to feeding is developmentally regulated, showing high sensitivity in early neonatal life which declines into adulthood. This heightened sensitivity is blunted in low birth weight piglets, suggesting anabolic resistance. The review concludes that understanding these pathways is critical for developing targeted nutritional interventions for both agricultural efficiency and improving outcomes in human neonates with growth faltering.

STUDY TYPE

narrative_review

SPECIALTY

pediatrics

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ORIGINAL PAPER

PMC10621894

Review: Nutritional regulation of muscle growth in neonatal swine

Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience

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ABSTRACT

Despite advances in the nutritional support of low birth weight and early-weaned piglets, most experience reduced extrauterine growth performance. To further optimize nutritional support and develop targeted intervention strategies, the mechanisms that regulate the anabolic response to nutrition must be fully understood. Knowledge gained in these studies represents a valuable intersection of agriculture and biomedical research, as low birth weight and early-weaned piglets face many of the same morbidities as preterm and low birth weight infants, including extrauterine growth faltering and reduced lean growth. While the reasons for poor growth performance are multifaceted, recent studies have increased our understanding of the role of nutrition in the regulation of skeletal muscle growth in the piglet. The purpose of this review is to summarize the published literature surrounding advances in the current understanding of the anabolic signaling that occurs after a meal and how this response is developmentally regulated in the neonatal pig. It will focus on the regulation of protein synthesis, and especially the upstream and downstream effectors surrounding the master protein kinase, mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 ( mTORC1 ) that controls translation initiation. It also will examine the regulatory pathways associated with the postprandial anabolic agents, insulin and specific amino acids, that are upstream of mTORC1 and lead to its activation. Lastly, the integration of upstream signaling cascades by mTORC1 leading to the activation of translation initiation factors that regulate protein synthesis will be discussed. This review concludes that anabolic signaling cascades are stimulated by both insulin and amino acids, especially leucine, through separate pathways upstream of mTORC1, and that these stimulatory pathways result in mTORC1 activation and subsequent activation of downstream effectors that regulate translation initiation Additionally, it is concluded that this anabolic response is unique to the skeletal muscle of the neonate, resulting from increased sensitivity to the rise in both insulin and amino acid after a meal. However, this response is dampened in skeletal muscle of the low birth weight pig, indicative of anabolic resistance. Elucidation of the pathways and regulatory mechanisms surrounding protein synthesis and lean growth allow for the development of potential targeted therapeutics and intervention strategies both in livestock production and neonatal care.

CITATION EXPORT

E.A. Posey, T.A. Davis. Review: Nutritional regulation of muscle growth in neonatal swine. Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2023.100831

AUTHORS

2 · 1 CENTRES

E.A. Posey, T.A. Davis

United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA