Stachydrine, a Bioactive Equilibrist for Synephrine, Identified from Four Citrus Chinese Herbs

Molecules · 7 authors, 2 centres

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TL;DR

A TLC-based method was developed to discover choline analogs from botanical resources, leading to identification and quantification of stachydrine and choline alongside synephrine in 39 samples of four Chinese Citrus herbs. Stachydrine and synephrine were found at commensurate contents, with all three compounds showing decreasing trends with delayed harvest time.

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This analytical study established a simple TLC method using an improved Dragendorff's reagent to discover choline analogs from botanical resources, and applied it to four Chinese Citrus herbs (Aurantii Fructus Immaturus and Aurantii Fructus from Citrus aurantium and Citrus sinensis). Stachydrine and choline were identified by NMR and HRMS, and a TLCS method was developed for quantitative analysis of stachydrine, choline, and synephrine across 39 herb samples. Results showed stachydrine and synephrine have commensurate contents, and all three compounds present similar decreasing trends with delayed harvest time, with synephrine decreasing fastest and stachydrine slowest. The study proposes stachydrine and synephrine as complementary bioactive equilibrists based on comparison of previously reported pharmacological profiles, but no original biological experiments were conducted.

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other

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preclinical research

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ORIGINAL PAPER

PMC10180305

Stachydrine, a Bioactive Equilibrist for Synephrine, Identified from Four Citrus Chinese Herbs

Molecules

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ABSTRACT

Abstract Four Chinese herbs from the Citrus genus, namely Aurantii Fructus Immaturus ( Zhishi ), Aurantii Fructus ( Zhiqiao ), Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium Viride ( Qingpi ) and Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium ( Chenpi ), are widely used for treating various cardiovascular and gastrointestinal diseases. Many ingredients have already been identified from these herbs, and their various bioactivities provide some interpretations for the pharmacological functions of these herbs. However, the complex functions of these herbs imply undisclosed cholinergic activity. To discover some ingredients with cholinergic activity and further clarify possible reasons for the complex pharmacological functions presented by these herbs, depending on the extended structure–activity relationships of cholinergic and anti-cholinergic agents, a simple method was established here for quickly discovering possible choline analogs using a specific TLC method, and then stachydrine and choline were first identified from these Citrus herb decoctions based on their NMR and HRMS data. After this, two TLC scanning (TLCS) methods were first established for the quantitative analyses of stachydrine and choline, and the contents of the two ingredients and synephrine in 39 samples were determined using the valid TLCS and HPLC methods, respectively. The results showed that the contents of stachydrine (3.04‰) were 2.4 times greater than those of synephrine (1.25‰) in Zhiqiao and about one-third to two-thirds of those of Zhishi , Qingpi and Chenpi . Simultaneously, the contents of stachydrine, choline and synephrine in these herbs present similar decreasing trends with the delay of harvest time; e.g., those of stachydrine decrease from 5.16‰ ( Zhishi ) to 3.04‰ ( Zhike ) and from 1.98‰ ( Qingpi ) to 1.68‰ ( Chenpi ). Differently, the contents of synephrine decrease the fastest, while those of stachydrine decrease the slowest. Based on these results, compared with the pharmacological activities and pharmacokinetics reported for stachydrine and synephrine, it is indicated that stachydrine can be considered as a bioactive equilibrist for synephrine, especially in the cardio-cerebrovascular protection from these citrus herbs. Additionally, the results confirmed that stachydrine plays an important role in the pharmacological functions of these citrus herbs, especially in dual-directionally regulating the uterus, and in various beneficial effects on the cardio-cerebrovascular system, kidneys and liver. Keywords: choline, Citrus , method, analysis, decoction, Aurantii Fructus Immaturus, Aurantii Fructus, effect, cardiovascular protection, uterus

CITATION EXPORT

Yifei Sun, Xuexue Xia, Ganjun Yuan et al.. Stachydrine, a Bioactive Equilibrist for Synephrine, Identified from Four Citrus Chinese Herbs. Molecules. (2023). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28093813

AUTHORS

7 · 2 CENTRES

Yifei Sun, Xuexue Xia, Ganjun Yuan, Tongke Zhang, Beibei Deng, Xinyu Feng, Qixuan Wang

1Biotechnological Engineering Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
2Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Microbiological Drug, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China