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TL;DR
This narrative review synthesizes evidence that specific dietary patterns, such as the Mediterranean and DASH diets, are strongly associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD).
Nutrients · 4 authors, 1 centre
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This narrative review synthesizes evidence that specific dietary patterns, such as the Mediterranean and DASH diets, are strongly associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD).
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading global cause of mortality, with its prevalence rising from 12.1 million deaths in 1990 to 18.6 million in 2019. Nutrition is identified as a key behavioral factor for prevention, with international guidelines recommending diets rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fish, and legumes. The paper reviews evidence linking several dietary patterns to CVD outcomes. The Mediterranean (MED) diet is highlighted for its anti-inflammatory properties and its association with reduced CVD incidence and mortality, as supported by studies like the ATTICA study and the Lyon Heart Study. The DASH diet, developed for hypertension, is associated with a 20% reduction in incident CVD in prospective cohorts. Conversely, increased consumption of ultra-processed foods is linked to higher CVD risk, with the Framingham Offspring Study showing a 7% increase in incident CVD per additional daily serving over 18 years. Other reviewed patterns include the traditional Japanese diet and vegetarian diets, which show protective associations. The narrative also connects diet to broader health contexts, including obesity as a form of malnutrition and links to cognitive health. The conclusion states that healthy nutrition is a cornerstone for CVD prevention, but the paper's scope as a review means it synthesizes existing evidence rather than testing a specific intervention.