Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · 3 authors, 1 centre
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This narrative review examines the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of resistant hypertension, covering pharmacological and emerging non-pharmacological interventions. The central finding is that resistant hypertension affects an estimated 100–500 million people worldwide and remains a significant clinical challenge requiring multimodal and personalized treatment approaches.
This narrative review synthesizes current knowledge on resistant hypertension, defined as blood pressure above goal despite three or more antihypertensive medications including a diuretic. The authors describe an estimated global burden of 100–500 million affected individuals, with higher prevalence in older adults, men, individuals with obesity, diabetes, kidney disease, and certain racial and ethnic groups.
